![]() By demonstrating to a sceptical public that it was possible to build a safe and stable flying machine, Hargrave opened the door to other inventors and pioneers. The Australian inventor of the box kite Lawrence Hargrave linked four of his kites together, added a sling seat, and flew 16 feet (4.9 m) in 1894. Chūhachi Ninomiya was a Japanese inventor who developed several small powered models including an early tailless aircraft in 1894. ![]() He made about 2,000 glides until his death on 10 August 1896 from injuries in a glider crash the day before. The German "Glider King" Otto Lilienthal was the first person (1891)to make controlled untethered glides repeatedly, and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine. The events were poorly documented, the aeroplane was not suited to be controlled and there was no further development. The event was not publicized until many years later, as it had been a military secret. Seven years later, the Avion III is claimed to have be flown over 300 metres, just lifting off the ground, and then crashing. Clément Ader from France reportedly made the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 metres) but insignificant altitude from level ground in 1890 in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled fixed wing aircraft with a single tractor propeller, the Ader Éole. Alexander Feodorovich Mozhaiski made the first powered hop by a manned multi-engine (steam) fixed-wing aircraft, 60-100 feet (20-30 m), from a downsloped ramp in Russian Empire in 1884. Charles Renard aboard the dirigible "La France" made the first closed course circuit, length 7.6 kilometres (4,7 mi) near Chalais-Meudon, August 9, 1884. John Joseph Montgomery, made the first controlled glider flight in the United States, from a hillside near Otay, California in 1883. First airplane to lift itself under its own power, the Aeroplane was an unmanned aircraft powered by a compressed-air engine constructed by Victor Tatin in France in 1879. Félix du Temple de la Croix in France made the first take-off of a manned and powered aircraft, using a sloping ramp, resulting in a brief flight a few feet above the ground in 1874. Jan Wnek controlled his glider by twisting the wing's trailing edge via strings attached to stirrups at his feet in 1866 - 1869. Matias Perez was a Portuguese pilot from Havana, canopy maker and Cuban resident who, carried away with the ever increasing popularity of aerostatic aircraft, disappeared while attempting an aerostatic flight from Havana's "Plaza de Marte" (currently Parque de la Fraternidad) on June, 1856. A Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris was the first to fly higher than his point of departure in 1856, by having his glider Albatros II pulled by a horse on a beach, against the wind. Both practical and steerable, the hydrogen-filled airship was equipped with a 3 hp steam engine that drove a 3 bladed propeller. It was the world's first passenger-carrying airship). On 24 September 1852 Henri Giffard from France made the first powered and controlled flight, travelling 27 km (17 mi) from Paris to Trappes. In 1848, he flew a steam powered monoplane model of 10 feet (3.0 m) wingspan a few dozen feet at an exhibition at Cremorne Gardens in London. ![]() First heavier than air powered flight was accomplished by John Stringfellow from England. He is only one of the many called the "Father of aviation". Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust. He also made the first scientific studies into the aerodynamic forces on a winged flying machine and produced designs incorporating a fuselage, wings, stabilizing tail and control surfaces. First well-documented Western human glide was made in 1853 by an Englishman Cayley. Hans Andreas Navrestad, (Norway) Allegedly flew manned glider in 1825.Professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert are known to have made the first unmanned flight of a hydrogen balloon, Le Globe on 26 August 1783, the first manned hydrogen balloon flight on 1 December 1783 and an elongated craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals for a dirigible balloon, completed the first flight over 100 km from Paris to Beuvry on 19 September 1784, La Caroline. Pilâtre de Rozier made the first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the Montgolfière): 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) covered in 25 minutes, 21 November 1783, near Paris. On Decemhe jumped from the tower of the Montpellier observatory in front of a crowd that included Joseph Montgolfier, using a 14 foot parachute with a rigid wooden frame. Louis-Sébastien Lenormand (France) is considered the first human to make a witnessed descent with a parachute. TRANSLATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY.RUSSIAN TRANSLATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
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